Research on recycling waste printed circuit boards is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources. A wet process for reclaiming metals from printed circuit boards applying a TAPERED diameter SEPARATION BED is descriBED, and the SEPARATION mechanism of the device is proposed. The motion of a particle in the TAPERED diameter fluid flow field and particle SEPARATION within this field were studied. As the material passes through the fluid field, along with the water, differences in particle density, granularity, and shape cause particles to follow at different trajectories. A TAPERED diameter SEPARATION BED was used to process 1-0.074 mm-sized crushed material from discarded printed circuit boards. The SEPARATION efficiency of 91.77 % and the recovery rate of 95.79 % for recovered metal were achieved with a discharge water flow rate of 4.5m3/h, a material feed rate of 300 g/min, and an obliquity of 30o. For -0.074 mm printed circuit boards, the metal recovery is 93.42 % and the SEPARATION efficiency is 77.63 % when the water discharge is 2 m3/h, the obliquity is 35o, and the material feed rate is 450 g/min. The superfine products in a size range of -0.074 mm can be recovered effectively under suitable operating condition using the TAPERED diameter SEPARATION BED. It indicates that the lower SEPARATION limit of the TAPERED diameter SEPARATION BED can be close to zero. The technique will prevent environmental pollution from waste printed circuit boards and allow efficient recovery.

The customary exposed COLUMN bases of steel construction use anchor bolts. The anchor bolts may be subjected to various combinations of forces. The tensile (or pull-out) actions are one of these forces. The emBEDded steel sections can replace the anchor bolts in resisting pull-out forces. Depending on the shape of an emBEDded section, it can resist against pullout forces by three mechanisms namely: the bond resistance, the interlocking force and frictional resistance. The emBEDded TAPERED section develops the resistance against the pullout forces by the frictional resistance. The present paper, numerically and experimentally, studies the pull-out behaviour of TAPERED steel sections emBEDded in unreinforced concrete.The numerical models are generated with Abaqus 6.10-1. To support the numerical results, four TAPERED box and I-sections are tested under pull-out forces. The numerical models, study the effects of boundary conditions, the size of the concrete block, the tapering angle, and the coefficient of friction. The restraining boundary conditions prevent the splitting of the concrete block, which is the most common type of failure in emBEDded TAPERED sections, and could double its pull-out strength. Under proper confinement, the emBEDded TAPERED sections could have very large post-failure pull-out strength.

Five-zone Simulating Moving BED (SMB) system, designed for ternary SEPARATION, is a modified form of standard four-zone SMB which is only effective in binary SEPARATION. It was reported in literature that the five-zone SMB separates the extract-II stream with a lower purity value than that of raffinate and extract-I streams. To address this issue, five zone SMB was designed, using safety margin method for the SEPARATION of a ternary amino acid mixture comprises of methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan having linear isotherms values. The operating conditions at fixed zone-I flow rate were calculated by using triangle theory and the developed mathematical model was run for the simulation studies with Aspen Chromatography vis 12.1. (2004) simulator. The simulation results of the 2-extract five-zone SMB system were illustrated for the effect of change in zone safety factor (b2, b3 and b4) values on the SEPARATION performance (product purity and recovery) and on solutes band propagation behavior at cyclic steady state.

The Water COLUMN SEPARATION phenomenon is one of the transient flow regimes, which is created under conditions such as the sudden closing of the valve or the shutdown of the pump in the water supply network. Hard pressure fluctuations and damages caused by the mentioned phenomenon require identifying and providing a solution to prevent it. By this purpose, the present article investigates the possibility of Water COLUMN SEPARATION in a Loop Water Supply Network using Computational Fluid Dynamics method. Next, the Effect of the inlet velocity on the pressures created due to the Water COLUMN SEPARATION was investigated. For software validation, the Loop system provided by Wang et al. (2017) was selected. After ensuring the efficiency of the software to model the phenomenon of Water COLUMN SEPARATION, simulation was performed at different speeds. Checking the simulation results indicated the occurrence of Water COLUMN SEPARATION in the Intended Network. Also, the Results indicated that with the increase of the input Velocity, the maximum value of the Pressure in the Network increases and its minimum value decreases. In such a way that with a 12% increase in the input velocity, the maximum pressure value changes by 11.8% and the minimum value by 14.26%. In general, it can be said that by controlling the Velocity as an effective factor on the pressure fluctuations of the Water COLUMN SEPARATION, this phenomenon and the resulting damages are prevented.

The adsorption of lead (11) and copper (11) in a fixed BED COLUMN using activated carbon prepared from nipa palm nut was investigated. Thomas model and Yoon and Nelson kinetic models were used to analyze the COLUMN performance. The rate constant for Thomas model increased with increase in flow rate and initial ion concentration but remained constant at varying BED height. Adsorption capacity for the adsorption of copper (11) obtained from Thomas model ranged from 3.417 to 17.224 mg/l for Thomas model and from 3.02 to 11.92mg/l for Yoon and Nelson model. Also the adsorption capacity for lead (11) adsorption calculated from Thomas model ranged from 6.937 to 75.59 mg/l and from 12.10 to 47.24 mg/l for Yoon and Nelson model. The maximum adsorption capacity increased with increase in flow rate and initial ion concentration but decreased with increase in BED height. For Yoon and Nelson model, the rate constant increased with increase in flow rate, initial ion concentration and BED height. The time required for 50% breakthrough decreased with increase in flow rate, BED height and initial ion concentration. The kinetic data fitted well to both models. The comparison of the experimental breakthrough curves to the breakthrough profiles calculated by Yoon and Nelson method showed a satisfactory fit for activated carbon prepared from nipa palm nut.

In this work, an improved single-COLUMN chromatographic (ISCC) SEPARATION process is proposed. The term “ improved” represents both conceptual and physical modifications compared to the available single-COLUMN processes, including a novel fraction collection scheme and allowing overlapped peaks from adjacent cycles. In addition, the fraction collection mechanism was modified in order to facilitate online monitoring. Another advantage of the ISCC process is that its large degree of freedom as injection volume, cycle time, solvent flow rate, feed concentration, and fraction-collection intervals can all be decision variables in this process. The experimental implementation and validation are covered in this work. The results indicate the successful operation of the ISCC process and accompanying peripherals for the SEPARATION of guaifenesin enantiomers. In particular, the tests confirmed the integrity of the online monitoring system and proved the capability of the process for 98 % purification of the tested enantiomers with an advantageously shorter cycle time, resulting in higher productivity.

One of the most important steps to determine phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) in foods is their enrichment and purification with different methods before GC or GC-MS analysis. In this study, a new SPE method (1 g, silica) was developed to enrich and separate POPs from transesterified oils. This method showed high recovery (88-96%) for oxidation products. New method was applied to olive, hazelnut and corn oils. Eleven oxidation products were characterized which corn oil had the highest amount (24 ppm). Among oxidation products in oils, 6b-hydroxysitostanol and 6b-hydroxycampestanol had the highest amounts. This new method had high sample capacity (up to 1 g oil) and could be also applied for food products with high phytosterol content. The new method developed in this study was simple and rapid, which simplifies SEPARATION and enrichment of POPs for further analysis by GC and GC-MS.

Membrane bioreactors (MBR Process) are now considered as one of the main new processes in wastewater treatment. Membranes used for wastewater purification are fabricated from different oil based polymers including PVC, polysulphonates, polyamides and many other synthetic polymers. Fabrication technology is advanced and only in possession of very few multinational companies. For these reasons, membranes are expensive and not easily available. This study was carried out to test an innovative, locally made filter element for SEPARATION of flocks in an MBBR reactor. This innovative filter is seen as a viable replacement to a conventional settling tank that may be even as effective as synthetic polymer membranes. The filter’s element was made very cheaply and had important advantages in installing and operation. Experiments were carried out using a laboratory scale MBBR unit as the biological aerated reactor, fixed with filter elements inside aeration chamber, similar to a MBR installation. The filter elements consisted of 3 plastic filter tubes with perforations and covered with dense cotton-polyester yarns and were placed inside the aeration chamber. The bioreactor was run over a period of 10 months with usual conditions resembling a real biological wastewater treatment unit. Reactor performance was measured regularly and the results indicated that 99% of suspended solids are separated under normal conditions. Filter clogging, a very familiar problem with membrane bioreactors, was not seen as an obstacle in bioreactor operation. Outflow TSS was lower than 12 mg/L, while overall organic removal was over 95 percent. Next set of experiments were carried with fewer filter elements and higher value of TSS in the effluent was observed, indicating that filters surface area (or number of filter elements) have a profound effect on treatment efficiency as could be well expected. Overall the experiments indicated that locally made MBR can easily be applied in existing plants, saving money and operational difficulties.

In this research, the biosorption process of copper metal from industrial wastewater by Rhizopus Arrhizus has been modeled in a fixed BED COLUMN. The performances of the three isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET were compared to calculate the adsorption rate. Based on the modeling results, the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient of 0. 974 showed better agreement with the experimental results than the other models. The highest agreement of Freundlich model with experimental data was obtained at k=0. 991 and n= 0. 8551. Then, the effect of the selected model parameters on the adsorption rate was investigated, and it was found that at a constant Freundlich coefficient, an increase in the power of the model enhances the available adsorption capacity for low solute concentrations. The effects of operating conditions in the COLUMN include volume flow, COLUMN diameter, COLUMN length, initial concentration, and adsorbent density on the adsorption rate were also investigated. In general, it can be stated that the modeling of biological processes for metal removal is one of the important tools in understanding the behavior of these processes with the least cost, and also the performance of the process can be evaluated at different operating conditions.